Difficulties of Codifying Commercial Law

Question: Examine about the Difficulties of Codifying Commercial Law. Answer: Presentation: Sir Royston Miles Roy Goode was conceived in 1933, and rehearsed as business legal advisor in the United Kingdom. In 1972, he got the honor for OBE and in 1994 for CBE. Afterward, in 2000 he knighted for offering types of assistance to scholastic law. Community for Commercial Law Studies was established by Roy Goode at Queen Mary, University of London[1]. In this paper, we will talk about the announcement made by Roy Goode that is the situation for a business code as unanswerable, and furthermore express the supposition on this announcement. In this way the paper is closing with the concise end. Codification of business law: Precisely when procedure of codification of law was begun in England was not sure, and it was expected that this procedure was begun when this bit of enactment was established in the Canute of Denmark (1017-1035). Afterward, in eighteenth Century others started the procedure of codification of law and this methodology was created by utilitarian scholar Jeremy Bentham. In 1873, Joseph Dixon said by tending to the Glasgow Juridical Society in his entitled The Codification of the Law: Interest for codification of law was started with the methodology of Bentham, and this interest was proceeded and leaves impacts on the psyche of individuals on account of which they request the plan identified with codification of law[2]. In 1961, Rupert Cross said that he can only with significant effort accept that codification of English law won't become an issue in next fifty years. The presumption made by Rupert Cross was correct and Law Commission presented a law which expressed that it was the obligation of the Law Commission to audit the instituted law with a view to deliberate advancement of law and this survey likewise lead to codification of ordered law[3][4]. Need of codification of law: Need to classify the law is the issue which have broadened answers. Codification of law settle numerous things, for example, it rearranged the importance of law, and makes the law increasingly available and furthermore progressively ascertainable. While systematizing the law, all the standards and standards of law are gathered at one spot, and this methodology of codification of law helps in distinguishing the shortcoming in the existed law. It likewise assists with empowering the law to be increasingly modernized by embracing the regulation to practice and expel the ambiguities and irregularities which are raised in light of the fact that resolutions are drafted by various number of individuals at various occasions, and these drafted rules are not quite the same as the other statutes[5]. Codification of business law-business law directs the business exchanges and business exchanges, and this law can be considered as part of common law. Business law manages both private law just as open law, and it incorporates number of titles, for example, head and operator, carriage via land and ocean, dealer delivery, and association and so on there are number of nations which received the common codes that contain complete explanation identified with their business law. The principle motivation behind business law is to distinguish the courses through which business men can work together as such in which they need to do it. The idea of business law was created from most recent couple of years and there are number of difficulties for the business contract law which are recognized in 21st century. There are number of advantages of codification of business law which are characterized beneath: Business and business exchanges were directed all the more productively. Lawful standards which are made to satisfy business goals can be see without any problem. Time which was expended in burrowing the particles of business law and after that gathering them was spared. Order of any law requires time, exertion and cash, and Roy Goode accepts codification is the thing which must be done in such a manner in this way, that great item is accomplished with proficient utilization of assets. Codification of business law gives approach of incorporated corpus under which different branches are connected by regular ideas, those attributes which are impractical to accomplish in any different codification of legal and it additionally creates reasonable way of thinking. In government locale a code covers the total nation either as administrative law or state law, and it additionally orchestrates the business law of different ward frameworks and gives office of interstate exchange. Without such harmonization the weight of directing the exchange of the business at national level is troublesome. Codification help in improving the law as well as spares parcel of time, endeavors and cash which are spend in understanding the law, prompting on the law and furthermore by following it. In this manner, it is astonishing particularly in America that legislature doesn't show a lot of enthusiasm for the codification of law. The explanation for this was the opposition from representative and attorneys who fear change. In the event that change happened, at that point attorney who was master in law needs to begin again[6]. Extent of codification of law: Business law for the most part covers normal agreements, deal contracts, contract which are related with carriage, warehousing agreements, and protection exchanges and money related exchanges. In present time, the point of view of business law is more extensive, which incorporates renting of types of gear, receivables financing, frameworks identified with installment, security of individual property, rights identified with venture of protections, and furthermore those business exchanges which are not gotten from agreement of offer. Convenience with new innovation is likewise obligatory for business law in this cutting edge time particularly in the field of transmission of exchange and information identified with monetary exchanges. It additionally required new framework for clearing the dealings identified with cash, items and protections. Along these lines, inclusion of exchanges by business law is rely upon two focuses that are:[7]. First point expresses that business law isn't reflection, however it is the device for its clients. The requirements of clients are changing all around according to its national practices, level of business, and sort of business and budgetary foundations. It isn't feasible for each nation that they duplicate the model spoke to by American Uniform Commercial Code which was intended for very nearly fifty locales, and for somewhere in the range of 200 million legal counselors. Second point expresses that in the event that when business network systematized the use of exchange then enactment gets both superfluous and unhelpful. We can comprehend this with the assistance of model, for example, codification of law identified with narrative credits was required with a perspective on reception of the Uniform Customs and Practice around the law. Finally, we can say that due to the accessibility of specialists, opportunity of the code that artist draft from the drafting customs and limitations of enactment, codification additionally give offices of finding and interpretative guides which are not found in the rules of ordinary nature. For instance, Uniform Commercial Code contains at the underlying phase of each article the meaning of general significance identified with that article, and furthermore list which shows the meaning of different words identified with this article are found. Every single segment of the law must incorporate authority remark which expresses the earlier legal source. It additionally incorporates the progressions that were made in the old law and remark on the motivation behind that change and new issue which is the aftereffect of that change, clarification of each area or sub segment, references of different areas and cross references which is definitional. It additionally expresses the meaning of wat chwords utilized in the article[8]. The official content of any resolution which is common contains just table which state areas, revisions, repeals, yet it doesn't contain history, any itemized proclamation expressed motivation behind the segment or some other clarification. Then again inward cross-references are intended to express the connection between two legal arrangements. The individual who peruses the customary rule normally thinks that its hard to comprehend the fundamental idea of the arrangement or arrangement of the issue which individual needs to determine, as a result of which he needs to invest parcel of energy to comprehend that law and resolve his concern through that rule. It is likewise hard for the individual to comprehend the significance of rule and furthermore the motivation behind why this rule was at that place. Along these lines, it is essential that administration must concentrate on the codification of law. End: In the wake of talking about the above realities, unmistakably individual who peruses the uniform business code can't comprehend the general perspective on business code, motivation behind the business code. On the off chance that codification of law isn't there, at that point it gets hard for the individual who peruses the law to comprehend the goal of the council, and this disarray prompts botches by the individual. t last, we presume that I concur with the announcement of Roy Goode that case for a business code as unanswerable in light of the fact that codification assists with imparting the genuine goal of the governing body. Book reference CISG, Sir Roy Goode, https://www.cisgac.com/sir-roy-goode/. Halson, a typical legal counselors point of view on basic codes, 2011 https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/89802/3/Halson%20paper%2024%20March%20RH%20Final%20to%20Jers%20Law%20Rev%20(1).pdf. Roy Goode, Commercial Law in the Next Millennium https://socialsciences.exeter.ac.uk/media/universityofexeter/schoolofhumanitiesandsocialsciences/law/pdfs/Commercial_law_in_the_next_Millennium.pdf. Award Gilmore, On the Difficulties of Codifying Commercial Law, first January 1948 https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3646context=fss_papers. Roy Goode, The Concept of Good Faith in English Law, walk 1992 https://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/goode1.html. Roy Goode, THE CODIFICATION OF COMMERCIAL LAW, https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/diaries/MonashULawRw/1988/5.pd

Ap Us History Essay Example for Free

Ap Us History Essay Theory Sentence: The lives of the Plains Indians in the second 50% of the nineteenth century were influenced by mechanical turns of events and government activities strategically, monetarily, strictly, socially, mentally, and geologically. Body Paragraph #2 Foundation Paragraph How the Indians were treated before the second 50% of the nineteenth Century. Body Paragraph #3 The innovative turns of events and government activities influenced the Indians in the second 50% of the nineteenth Century politically on the grounds that: †¢ They didn't have a state in government especially despite the fact that they were more â€Å"civilized† Body Paragraph #4 The mechanical turns of events and government activities influenced the Indians in the second 50% of the nineteenth Century financially in light of the fact that: †¢ Transcontinental Railroad Indians lost their food sources, for example, buffalo, because of the fast developments of structures and mechanical things that didn't let the buffalo wander aimlessly Loads of buffalo caused chasing - they nearly went wiped out Body Paragraph #5 The innovative turns of events and government activities influenced the Indians in the second 50% of the nineteenth Century strictly in light of the fact that: †¢ Indians that changed left their way of life and otherworldly practices behind Became Christians †just a couple Were permitted in houses of worship †¢ Indians that didn't changed were being compelled to change Body Paragraph #6 The innovative turns of events and government activities influenced the Indians in the second 50% of the nineteenth Century socially on the grounds that: †¢ Indians who changed left their practices and turned out to be more â€Å"civilized† as indicated by the white Americans They were more acknowledged than the non-changed Indians Body Paragraph #7 The mechanical turns of events and government activities influenced the Indians in the second 50% of the nineteenth Century mentally on the grounds that: †¢ Indians who changed got similar training white Americans did Went to better schools †¢ Indians who didn't change were not also instructed as different Indians †¢ All Indians were better prepared when it came to chasing in light of the fact that they had firearms rather than bows n’ bolts Passing rate while chasing went down Body Paragraph #8 The innovative turns of events and government activities influenced the Indians in the second 50% of the nineteenth Century geologically in light of the fact that: †¢ Were given horrible land Were kicked out of them when the Americans discovered that there was gold here Property Act/Dawes Act End: During the second 50% of the nineteenth Century, the Indians were influenced by the innovative turns of events and government activities from numerous points of view mutiple. They were as yet not acknowledged strategically. They lost a great deal of efficient assets during the time spent the innovative movement. The Indians had to change their religion to Christianity so as to become â€Å"civilized† according to the white Americans. They were socially acknowledged somehow or another by the white Americans on the off chance that they changed over to Christianity. The Indians turned out to be mentally more intelligent when they got a handle on new mechanical improvements like the weapon (new for them) with the goal that they could chase appropriately. Be that as it may, they lost a great deal of land to the white Americans topographically. The second 50% of the nineteenth Century gave the Indians a greater number of issues than joy.

An oral Expose, on how does war create peace in The Things They Carried by Tim OBrien.

An oral Expose, on how wars make harmony in The Things They Carried by Tim OBrien. How wars makes harmony in The Things They CarriedWe will have tranquility regardless of whether we need to battle for it. ~Dwight D. EisenhowerThis what Eisenhower accepts, this what the legislature accepts, they accept that you need to shed blood to make harmony. Everybody comprehends that there is no war for harmony anyway there is war for force and eagerness. The administration consistently begins to battle or starts any sort of contention when issues start. War is by all accounts a simpler issue solver than harmony. In any case, how does the administration makes his society battle if war is a logical inconsistency for opportunity? The stunt is that it says that the war for harmony. In Tim O'Brien's book The things they conveyed, which is expounded on the youthful warriors drafted to Vietnam war, makes a harmony inside, he doesn't expound just on the mercilessness of war, he likewise compose that they never felt more at peace.Randy BernardTim O'Brien makes harmony inside his book or war by indicating the specific story of Mary Anne, by utilizing his style in depicting that war wasn't just about slaughtering, by demonstrating that those troopers just feel settled during the war and by arriving at death they additionally arrived at endless peace.The best case of a person that discovered harmony during the war, during every one of those battles is Marry Anne. She came to Vietnam as a serene young lady, she didn't have as a primary concern to battle and she should, she went to that spot of damnation for affection for her sweetheart, so they wouldn't be separated any longer. It was obvious that when she came there she was sending beams of honesty. I vow to God, man, she has on...

Contingency Theory of Management Accounting †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Contingency Theory of Management Accounting. Answer: Presentation: On the off chance that the organization acknowledges the proposal for extra 20,000 units, the misfortune per unit will be $ 0.08. The organization at present sells the item at $ 2.20 units. Along these lines, the absolute benefit of the organization will be $ 530,364.37 if the requests for extra 20000 units are acknowledged when contrasted with the past benefit of $ 532,000. Consequently, the benefit will be diminished by $ 1,635.63 and the offer will not be acknowledged. The bookkeeping staff will assess the request proposition and will be defended the reality whether to dismiss or acknowledge the offer. Variables to be considered are as per the following Acknowledgment of unique request one-time extraordinary request for the most part incorporates huge quality items at explicit rate. Before tolerating the proposition the related steady income with exceptional request will be examined. The steady cost must be lower than the gradual income (Otley 2016). As the fixed expense is now contemplated for past creation, the variable expense is simply to be considered for showing up at the benefit. Inert limit fro defending the extraordinary request, the organization must have the extra limit with respect to satisfying the request. For maintaining a strategic distance from the disturbance of the customary creation the organization must have abundance limit as to the hardware and work force under the creation line. In the event that the organization is as of now working in full limit, it won't be in a situation to acknowledge new request. Evaluating of extraordinary request as the exceptional request is the one-time request, it shows the estimating choice over the transient time frame. The base conceivable cost at which the request can be acknowledged will be assessed. While the inert limit is there and the business levels are low, the request can be acknowledged for new requests (Messner 2016). Assembling of extraordinary espresso mug Points of interest Per unit cost All out expense Direct material $ 0.60 $ 240,000.00 Direct work $ 0.20 $ 80,000.00 Variable overhead $ 0.10 $ 40,000.00 Fixed overhead $ 0.15 $ 60,000.00 All out expense $ 1.05 $ 420,000.00 Selling cost $ 1.20 $ 480,000.00 Benefit $ 0.15 $ 60,000.00 From the above estimation, it is uncovered that the benefit per unit for espresso mug will be $ 0.15, though, the benefit per unit for canisters is $ 0.70. In this manner, Playdough Company will not buy the canisters from Canisters Company and begin fabricating the espresso cups as it will diminish their benefit level. Variables to be thought of while settling on buy and production The buy or assembling choice is picking among the assembling the item under in-house creation or buying the item from outside provider. The most essential components to be viewed as are the quantitative investigation like related expense for creation or the limit of the organization to deliver at the necessary level. Buy versus fabricate cost under the production cost the costs like upkeep cost; material cost, work cost and overhead expenses will be thought of. Further, capacity prerequisites and extra space of capacity will be thought of. In actuality, for buying the costs identified with cost of the item, bringing in expenses, delivering cost, deals charge charges will be thought of. Aside from this, the costs as to capacity of bought item, work cost related with item getting work will likewise be thought of (Bianchi et al. 2016). Nature of item if the fabricated item is of better quality when contrasted with the bought item, at that point the item should be delivered in-hose. In any case, on the off chance that the organization isn't master in the item type, at that point the claim to fame provider will be chosen for buying the item. Amount the volume of the item required by the organization has an impact on the choice of the organization. In the event that the organization requires extremely little amount of item, at that point it won't be practical to create the item. In any case, on the off chance that the necessary quality is enormous, at that point it might be savvy for in-house creation for the item (Rodrigues, Leichsenring and Winkelmann 2014). Reference Bianchi, A., Barnett, J., Dempsey, W., Giachinta, M., Hugenberg, M. what's more, Talley, A., 2016. Applying Value-Focused Thinking to a Make Versus Buy Decision.Industrial and Systems Engineering Review,4(2), pp.171-177. Fullerton, R.R., Kennedy, F.A. what's more, Widener, S.K., 2014. Lean assembling and firm execution: The gradual commitment of lean administration bookkeeping practices.Journal of Operations Management,32(7), pp.414-428. Messner, M., 2016. Does industry make a difference? How industry setting shapes the executives bookkeeping practice.Management Accounting Research,31, pp.103-111. Otley, D., 2016. The possibility hypothesis of the executives bookkeeping and control: 19802014.Management bookkeeping research,31, pp.45-62. Rodrigues, R., Leichsenring, K. what's more, Winkelmann, J., 2014. The Make or BuyDecision in Long-term Care: Lessons for Policy. Report appointed by the Swedish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs.

Tecting shile drtiving Essay examples

Tecting shile drtiving Essay models Tecting shile drtiving Essay models Zhichen Wang HIST 2 14 March 2014 Savage or Culturally Advanced? In fifteenth century, when INCA EMPIRE was all the while possessing an enormous zones of Latin Americas and Indians were as yet a puzzle to European journeys and illustrious family units. What in heaven's name is going on that mistery land ?No one can furnished an immediate response. Was that a domain which is high cultivated with very much evolved culture, or it was only a gathering of brute lives there with outrageous numbness and barbarity? The elevation showed by Cobo towards the indigenous occupants of Peru and the height showed by Hernan Cortes was absolutely different.In this paper, We going to talk about the concealed purposes for the data.Though both of their sentiments are sensible, however,I think the difference were brought about by two reasons. In Hernan’s letter to Charles V, 1520. He believe that the city of Tenochtitlan , which is the capital of Inca Empire, was an extraordinary city. He depicts this city(nowadays Mexicanï ¼â€°as a high socialized city with sa nctuaries, squares and distinctive stores.He gave heaps of minor insights regarding that city and attempts to portrays that city also organized and composed. â€Å"In respect to the local arrangements of Moctezuma, and the brilliant loftiness and express that he keeps up, there is such a great amount to be told, that I guarantee your Excellency I know not where to start my connection, to be finish to have the option to finsh a piece of it† This was refered to by the letter, we can see that how envious the creator feel when he previously observed a structure worked with golds and silvers.Thus, it gave us a dream of that each working there was as radiant as residential arrangements of Moctezuma. Indeed, each and every thing composed by Hernan Cortes were hallucinations. He referenced the stores in the city. â€Å"There are a wide range of green vegetables, particularly onions, leeks, garlic,watercresses, nasturtium, borage, tawny, artichokes, and brilliant thistle,fruits etc.à ¢â‚¬  Hs was so stunned by the sells of the organic product, fish , vegetables and various porcelains and silks sold in the stores.It is genuine that all the sells in the city is valid however that was on the grounds that the place that is known for American is inexhaustible. Contrasted with terrain of European, in light of the fact that the absences of efficiency of corps and natural products, Europeans looks this as a straightforward of rich and wealth.On the other hand , Latin America was brimming with silvers and golds, as a result.Hernan Cortes was befuddled by those hallucinations and think this as a rich incredible â€Å"land†.Moreover , the spot he portrayed and lauded most is the spot identified with the religion and the focal point of power, he was smart quieted where ordinary residents of Inca realm lives. In my point , when we discusses a countries , we can’t contended by a bit of square however the whole city. Henan Cortes can’t be a numb-skull to have this uneven sentiment, what he did is to keep in touch with Charles V and discusses how affluent the Inca was so as to attack and triumph the city.As an outcome, he can plunder the silvers and golds in Inca and get the consents to do this.This is one of fundamental explanation Hernan misdescribed the city of Temixtitlan. As per the second record â€Å"The History of the Inca Empire†,

An Agile Guide to Integrating Customer Feedback

An Agile Guide to Integrating Customer Feedback This guide to customer feedback is part of our Agile project management series. To access more lessons, strategies and expert advice, download our free white paper, Staying Agile: 5 Best Practices in Software Project Management. Developing a product thats valued by your customer is pretty much the bread and butter of Agile project management. To achieve this, you  need to be sharing project progression and prototypes with your stakeholders (and end-users, if separate) at every iteration of your project.   The Importance of Customer Feedback in Agile Projects   Whether you’re producing a ground-breaking app for digital natives or a new CRM for your client’s operations team, preferences over accessibility and functionality will vary hugely. As a result, it’s essential that throughout your project, preferably after every Sprint, you share new features with your customers to determine whether: Features are actively providing value and not simply convoluting the product Features are accessible in terms of design and functionality for your stakeholders and importantly, your end-users. By inviting this customer feedback before the final product is launched, your team can save time and money on pushing unnecessary features forward. What’s more, you’ll end up with a more valuable and refined product, accurately tailored to your target audience. Did you know that a whopping 98% of respondents to the VersionOne 2016 State of Agile Report shared that their organization had realized success from taking an Agile approach to projects? As the first Agile principle, customer satisfaction and feedback are central to that success. 3 Strategies for Integrating Customer Feedback   Accessing and integrating user feedback without overburdening your project with an endless list of features can be a challenge. Fortunately, there are a number of strategies you can take to gather feedback effectively while preventing your project from over-extending. Staying Agile5 Best Practices in Software Project Management Download Free White Paper 1. Access Regular Customer Feedback Before you’re able to integrate user feedback, you first need to access it.  To do this, project management strategists  suggest taking a three-step approach to accessing feedback from stakeholders: Access: First, teams must find and identify a set of target customers that can be relied upon to provide accurate and timely insight, for example in the form of a well-maintained customer panel or advisory board.   Listen: Once a customer panel or advisory board has been secured, teams must build skills to actively listen to them. This should go beyond a single focus group or survey and should feature regular interaction, throughout the project, either in person or via online collaboration tools. Customers should be probed on their real needs, pain points, desires, and objective feedback on early designs and prototypes. This will also help to cut back on unnecessary features. Communicate: Ensure that what is learned through this listening process is clearly converted into prioritized use cases that explain the value of each feature, by communicating user insights to the entire project team. 2. Integrate Customer Feedback with Sprints The customer feedback collected should then be integrated at every project Sprint, alongside stakeholder feedback (if separate to the end-user group.)   One way to achieve this is by taking a Scrum approach to Agile project management.  If youre new to Scrum, the approach involves a Product Owner who communicates evolving business goals and customer feedback to the development teams.   In Scrum, the Product Owner retains a bird’s-eye view of the project and meets with the development team and ‘Scrum Master’ on a daily basis, to share customer feedback and insight.  Customer feedback, alongside stakeholder goals and needs, will then form each project Sprint. Following each Sprint, Scrum teams hold a Sprint Review, to present on what’s been completed to stakeholders. This process pushes team accountability and ensures that each Sprint’s completed tasks align with the project’s customer goals. 3. Allow Stakeholders to Manage Feature Prioritization While integrating customer feedback, it’s vital that the product doesnt go overboard with every feature requested by your customers. A key way to do so is by utilizing a workflow that puts your stakeholders in the driving seat for feature prioritization. This can either be done via a physical scrum wallboard or via an online collaboration tool. Staying Agile5 Best Practices in Software Project Management Download Free White Paper Creating a Physical Scrum Wallboard In order to manage feature prioritization collaboratively with their stakeholders, Jonathan Roger, Operations Director and Certified Scrum Master at software development company AndPlus, explains that they create a physical board for their Scrum task cards: “One way that we keep track of scope with our clients is by using different colored task cards on our project management wallboard to represent items that were added after a release plan was created,” Roger shares. “This makes it visually easy (for both us and the client) to identify items or features that were added after the initial project scope, so need to be traded with another feature of equivalent development hours in order to stay within budget, or postponed to a later release.” This allows AndPlus to put feature prioritization in the hands of their clients while keeping the project from growing beyond its scope and budget. Integrating via an Online Collaboration Tool Software development team Praxent  also takes a visual approach to scope management and have developed their own online collaboration tool to share with clients. CEO and Founder, Tim Hamilton, shares that the Praxent team developed a custom reporting and analytics dashboard, to place feature management in the hands of their clients: “Our dashboard provides a play-by-play on feature development progress, allowing clients to see the impact it would have on production should they decide to shift direction or re-prioritize” Hamilton shares. “Additionally, we provide them with data on how far their budget dollars will stretch, allowing them to control feature scope as they choose to add or swap in new features.” While not all Agile teams will have their own custom-made dashboard to play with, there are many online collaboration tools available, allowing teams to take a similar transparent approach to Kanban project management. Limit the number of tasks allowed within each Sprint Look for a tool that allows you to share your project roadmap with your client transparently, then limit the number of features created within each Sprint. By laying out all tasks in a project Sprint, including time estimates for how long you expect each task to take, and sharing this roadmap with your client, you can define a limit on the number of feature tasks per Sprint. This way, you can provide your client with the ability to manage feature prioritization, as they can swap features in and out of each Sprint. This will  enable transparency over how the changes will impact on the budget and schedule.   Staying Agile5 Best Practices in Software Project Management Download Free White Paper Although regularly embracing customer feedback can feel like a daunting prospect to some software teams, with these simple strategies, it doesn’t have to be.   For further strategies and advice on taking an Agile approach to project management, download our free white paper, Staying Agile: 5 Best Practices in Software Project Management. Do you have any experience in engaging customer feedback within Agile project management? We’d love to hear your thoughts and questions below! MeisterTaskAgile Task Management Made Simple ! !

The Bell Jar and the Sexual Politics in the American 1950s - Literature Essay Samples

Sylvia Plaths novel, The Bell Jar (1963), is conspicuously autobiographical. The story follows the fictional character, Esther Greenwood, during her summer spent in New York City working for a prestigious fashion magazine and back in Massachusetts struggling with her severe depression at home, and the months spent in a mental institution. It is obvious that the materials of the book are derived from the life of young Plath herself. Upon return from a strenuous stay in New York City where she had been a guest editor at the Mademoiselle Magazine, Plath almost succeeded in killing herself with sleeping pills, which led her to a difficult period of recovery involving electroconvulsive shock treatment and psychotherapy. However, apart from being a record of the writers traumatic experiences in her own life, the book also gives a vivid account of the heroines dilemma as woman living in the American 1950s, when heterosexuality was highly predominant as the social norm. In other words, Plaths novel is not only a female writers autobiography but also a text which offers one part of the American sexual politics genealogy. My aim in what follows, then, is to read The Bell Jar in its social-historical context. Before examining the novel, a few general remarks about female life in the American 1950s seem appropriate. During the World War II, when munitions industries were suffering from the shortage of hands, a great deal of American women were urged to help their country with its military jobs. But no sooner had men come back from the front than they drove away women from the labor market. Accordingly, women had to submit to becoming housewives. The result was that the average marriage age of women in America dropped to 20 . . . by the end of the decade after the war and girls went to college to get a husband (Friedan 16). Of course, there existed women who were discontented with such status as housewives. Yet the political repression of the McCarthy era did n ot allow them to hanker for individual rights nor to organize an independent network which would secure womans work place in the civil society. In the name of protecting the nation from communist infiltration, the federal government manipulated their people to embrace social conformity, and so far as women were concerned, they went back home so as to retain their family members happiness. Turning now to The Bell Jar, we can easily perceive that the author, Sylvia Plath, too, was one of those American women whose mentality was nurtured in the 1950s. Her alter ego, Esther Greenwood, feels in New York City that she is in danger of being seduced by nonheterosexual relationships which are apparently a taboo for a woman who is waiting for the right person as her lifes partner. To give an example, Esther is dissatisfied with the Amazon Hotel where she shared her New York adventures with other eleven student editors. She regards a proper hotel as a place where there are both men and women mixed about here and there on the same floor; that only the twelve girls are put into the same wing on the same floor in single rooms (4) means to Esther that they are cut off from the heterosexual world. Also, Doreen from a society girls college down South, Esther confesses, becomes one of [her] troubles (4) since Doreen has a great charm for both man and woman. That the Southern girl has an amused and mysterious sneer, as if all the people around her were pretty silly (5) denotes the fact that she embodies the legend of the Southern belle. In order to sustain the once-flourished agricultural Southern society founded on the basis of noblesse oblige, the women living in the male-dominated traditional community are required to be cultivated and attractive in appearance but to be obedient and chaste enough at the same time. To sum up, Doreens odd sneer symbolizes the double standard forced on the Southern belle who sacrifices herself to gratify the Southern ideal of perf ect womanhood. Because she is in company with Doreen wearing a strapless white lace dress zipped up over a snug corset affair that curved her in at the middle and bulged her out again spectacularly above and below (8), Esther can have a drink with such a well-known disc jockey as Lenny Shepherd; besides, Esther herself is attracted to the female friend like a magnet owing to a whole life of marvellous, elaborate decadence (5) Doreen displays. The double standard existing within Doreen makes it possible to captivate both Lenny and Esther; the latter, needless to say, is allured by the refined part lurking in the bottom of the Southern belles heart. Hence to defend herself from the trouble, namely, not to be involved with the Southern belle too much, Esther defiantly rejects helping Doreen who groans in her drunkenness:I felt if I carried Doreen across the threshold into my room and helped her on to my bed I would never get rid of her again. . . . I decided the only thing to do was to dump her on the carpet and shut and lock my door and go back to bed. (23)Here, Esther, who is too conscious of her heterosexual habitude, tries not to ruin herself by a close relationship to a female friend, that is, by nonheterosexuality. The attitude towards the Amazon Hotel and Doreen which Esther projects in this manner is the authors, too. Plath felt uneasy about being unmarried: to remain single meant a nonheterosexual tendency in the American 1950s common sense. Both her journals and letters in her single days disclose her tremendous concern about dating, boyfriends, and future marriage. And one scene from The Bell Jar serves as an evidence of this obsession with becoming a desirable woman. Plaths alter ego mentions the impact a Yale students invitation letter to a Prom gives upon her and the other female students around her:After Buddy had gone I opened the letter. It was a letter inviting me to the Yale Junior Prom. . . . I found myself hugging the senior on watch.When she heard I was going to the Yale Junior Prom she treated me with amazement and respect. . . . The seniors on my floor started speaking to me. . . . (62-3)In the heterosexual world which moves around men like Buddy Willard, female students status in dormitories is eventually dependent on whether they are going out with some nice guy. Their own academic or personal abilities are never valued after all. To be paired mattered a great deal to young women.In actuality, when she married a toward-be-ideal-partner, Ted Hughes, Plath triumphantly began having a sharp tongue. One of her poems written in the year of her marriage describes a single woman:. . . . Turned bitterAnd sallow as any lemon,The other [i.e. a single woman], wry virgin to the last, Goes graveward with flesh laid waste,Worm-husbanded, yet no woman. (Two Sisters of Persephone)From a heterosexual viewpoint which occupied Plaths mind, to get married‹and in consequence, to bear a child‹was the ultima te purpose of being female; an unmarried woman was no more than the scum of society. Yet what is to the point is that young Plath, who was extraordinarily talented in writing and therefore ambitious of fame, was also doubtful of the norm prevalent in her age. To put it another way, she was torn between her desires of becoming an ordinary housewife and winning fame as a writer. The way she represents the execution of the Rosenbergs in the opening section of The Bell Jar is helpful to understand this point:It was a queer, sultry summer, the summer they electrocuted the Rosenbergs, and I didnt know what I was doing in New York. . . . The idea of being electrocuted makes me sick, and thats all there was to read about in the papers‹goggled-eyed headlines staring up at me on every subway. It had nothing to do with me, but I couldnt help wondering what it would be like, being burned alive all along your nerves. (1)Esther knows very well that there is no relation between her and the couple executed for espionage in Sing Sing prisons electric chair. Just the same, Esther is obsessed by the news about the RosenbergsÅCwherein we find the authors tremendous interest in the Rosenbergs death. Also in the only journal written down during her stay in New York City, the news of the young married couples execution calls Plaths attention. It is important to investigate the reason why Plath was so intrigued by the news.The key to examine the question lies behind the procedure of the Rosenbergs Trail, especially, the one of Ethel Rosenberg. Ethel, unlike her husband, Julius, was executed not only for espionage but for her inadequacy as mother. The minor details about the trial itself is unnecessary in this study, but explicitly, the U. S. government sentenced her death because she failed in achieving the female role as a mother.Ethel Rosenberg was originally arrested as a means to make her husband, Julius, open his mouth on his connection to the espionage work for the Soviet Union of which the U. S. government was convinced. The then head of the FBI, J. Edgar Hoover, urged his Bureau employees to aggressively attempt to build a triable case against Ethel, going on to say if Julius Rosenberg would furnish details of his extensive espionage activities, it would be possible to proceed against other individuals . . . proceeding against his wife might serve as a lever in this matter (Radosh and Milton 99). However, in the case of Julius with an unyielding will, his wifes threatened prosecution unexpectedly strengthened his determination not to cooperate with the FBI: the lever did not work. As a result, the authorities were obliged to commit themselves to prosecute Ethel as an accomplice in the espionage conspiracy, and to dodge public reproach against such an inhuman conclusion prepared for a young mother, they had to frame up a story that Ethel was a bad mother. In the 1950s, as mentioned earlier, the pressure on women to marry and raise c hildren was paramount: many young women abandoned their careers or studies one after another to perform their stereotyped sex-role. Ethel Rosenberg, who got married when she was twenty-four, was a proper woman from the 1950s point of view. Still, the problem was that she was greatly active in political causes and thereby she was regarded negligent in raising children. After finishing school, she worked at a shipping company for four years until she quit the job to become an organizer of a strike of women workers; she joined the Young Communist League; and she eventually became a member of the American Communist Party. Though she gave up participating political activities after her marriage owing to her physical weakness, her activism during her single life constructed her image as a deviant woman. One of the juries who insisted her guiltiness condemned Ethel from the 1950s ideology concerning sexual politics: I had two daughters at the time, and it bothered me how they would su bject their children to such a thing. I just couldnt understand it (qtd. in Brennan 59). S/he completely believed the accused, Ethel, to be a bad mother, controlled by the demagogic image the authorities made up. And of the final judgement by Judge Irving Kaufman, the same may be said. He proclaimed at the court: Love for their [Julius and Ethel Rosenbergs] cause dominated their lives‹it was even greater than their love for their children (Nizer 367). Ethel was electrocuted as she failed in furnishing her children with a good home. Evidently, the image of Ethel as a bad mother did work as a lever to persuade the public to believe that she deserved death. Now it is evident that Plath found her double in Ethel Rosenberg, because of which she was glued to the news to such an extent that she [was] sick at the stomach (Journals 82). Being single at that time, Plath had been quite anxious if she would be able to find a befitting mate to marry and to have a child. Though a widow, her mother, whom Plath followed as a reasonable female role model, had successfully married her professor and had two excellent children. And Plaths hometown seemed to have a woman who became the model for Mrs Willard (the mother of Esthers boyfriend) in the novel, and she had also married her professor, raised superior children, and even owned her own sexual policy: What a man is is an arrow into the future and what a woman is is the place the arrow shoots off from (74). Surrounded by these older women, who were typically successful women from the viewpoint of the sexual politics in the American 1950s, Plath must have been upset, or felt herself deficient as a woman.Under such conditions, a woman, who had already been married but was presumed to have failed in caring for her children, was killed. It is plausible that Plaths apprehensions for future as woman increased suddenly. Furthermore, despite the differences in their background, both Ethel Rosenberg and Sylvia Plat h were similar to each other on the point that they were being true to their respective goal in their life: the former committed herself to political causes, and the latter, to the writing. Having sacrificed her family life for her own interest, according to the authorities, Ethel Rosenberg was to be electrocuted. The likeness between the two readily frightened young Plath. If she had chosen marriage, she would not be able to live a family life which would satisfy the norm the American society expected of her; if she had chosen to become a writer or to become both a writer and a mother, the choices signified extinction, namely, death, in the 1950s American ideology as the Rosenberg case had shown. Accordingly, Plath was farther perplexed if she should choose to marry or to become a writer, and inevitably began to feel there was no way out. And various ambitions young Plath had imagined rapidly tumbled down in New York City once she witnessed through mass media a capital punishm ent passed on to Ethel Rosenberg, a bad mother.Plaths double in the novel, Esther, delineates the sign of emotional changes in her by using the metaphor of figs:From the top of every branch, like a fat purple fig, a wonderful future beckoned and winked. One fig was a husband and a happy home and children, and another fig was a famous poet . . . and beyond and above these figs were many more figs I couldnt quite make out. (80)A central image of the book, the fig tree bearing ripe figs, to quote Wagner-Martin, depicts the female dilemma of the 1950s (185). It may well be that the dilemma which has been enclosed within Esther/Plath is revealed by the death of Ethel Rosenberg.Needless to say, not every woman felt in a similar way as Esther/Plath did. There was a young woman like Hilda, who is one of the twelve guest editors in The Bell Jar. Esther and Hilda exchanges words on the Rosenbergs death which end in a cross-purposed misunderstanding:. . . I said, Isnt it awful about the R osenbergs?The Rosenbergs were to be electrocuted late that night. Yes! Hilda said, and at last I felt I had touched a human string in the cats cradle of her heart. It was only as the two of us waited for the others in the tomb-like morning gloom of the conference room that Hilda amplified that Yes of hers.Its awful such people should be alive. (105)To apprehend Hildas statement as a mere political declaration would be quite superficial. For the issue brought up in this passage includes more than a simply political one. As her way of moving like a mannequin (104) implies, Hilda is totally passive in doing anything. It is inconceivable for her to doubt the ideas flooding around her. The government says the Rosenbergs are spies who tried to put the U. S. trouble; so Hilda is so glad theyre going to die (104). The episode of Ethel Rosenbergs failure in raising her children also has the backing of the American public; so Hilda also adapts herself to the major way of thinking. Un like Esther/Plath, Hilda never troubles herself by associating herself with a strange condemned criminal. While Hilda, who seems to be too simpleminded, successfully adjust herself to the 1950s American code with regard to the sexual politics, an educated woman like Esther/Plath is doomed to self-destruction. Thus, in the American society in the 1950s which regarded heterosexuality as natural, Esther/Plath gradually lost herself. One of the letters to Plaths mother from New York City suggests her affliction: . . . Life happens so hard and fast I sometimes wonder who is me . . . (Letters Home 116). Wavering between heterosexuality and nonheterosexuality, Esther/Plath was deeply distressed when arriving home in Massachusetts; the agony of choices between heterosexuality and nonheterosexuality continues after the summer, too. Failing in killing herself at home, the authors alter ego, Esther, is first sent to a local hospital and next to a private one. It is in that private hospita l that she happens to encounter her old rival in love, who is named Joan. Joan Gilling, from the same town with Esther, was a big wheel‹president of her class and physics major and the college hockey champion (61), and more than that, one of Buddy Willards closest friends. In that respect, Joan is a nuisance for Ethel who is trying to win Buddy as her husband. Either Joan or Ethel is supposed to get married to the Yale student. But now, the old rival in love is offensive to Esthers eyes in a different meaning: Joan is nonheterosexual and seduces Esther to a nonheterosexual circle. In the conversation with Esther, Joan frankly reveals that she did not like Buddy but his family‹especially, Mrs Willard. And to Esthers surprise, Joan has an affair in the ward with another patient called DeeDee, and finally announces that she likes Esther better than Buddy, against which Esther coldly resists:I like you.Thats tough, Joan, I said, picking up my book. Because I dont like you. You make me puke, if you want to know.And I walked out of the room, leaving Joan lying, lumpy as an old horse, across my bed. (232-3)For Esther, who makes an effort to adjust herself to the ideology of the American 1950s, a woman like Joan is nothing but a dangerous character: she lures Esther into the nonheterosexual tendency. Ironically, however, it is the nonheterosexual world that extends to Esther a helping hand after her suicidal attempt. Indeed, her mother, who lives on a small salary, is financially helpless; what she can afford might be to throw her daughter into a big state hospital in the country (196) that would hardly offer careful nursing. But in place of her mother, Esthers benefactor, Philomena Guinea, whose books [earn] . . . millions and millions of dollars (42), rescues her and takes her to an excellent private hospital. Although it is unclear whether the female benefactor is nonheterosexual, what her support shows is her tenderness toward a sick college g irl. Is there a boy in the case ? (196): Mrs Guinea asks Esthers mother when reading about Esthers suicide attempt in a Boston paper. As Esther herself acknowledges, if there was a boy in the case, Mrs Guinea couldnt, of course, have anything to do with it (196). Then, it is no exaggeration to say that Philomena Guinea is firmly determined to aiding woman in finding a way out of trouble. The rich benefactor lays stress upon bonds between females, namely, nonheterosexual ties.The chief doctor Esther meets after a male one, Dr. Gordon, who has given her an awful electroconvulsive shock treatment, is Dr. Nolan, and the relationship between the patient and the doctor should not be overlooked, either. In the first place, Esther cannot help but hide her surprise when she is told that her doctor is a female:When I enrolled in the main building of the hospital, a slim young woman had come up and introduced herself. ÅeMy name is Doctor Nolan. I am to be Esthers doctor.I was sur prised to have a woman. I didnt think they had woman psychiatrists. . . . She wore a white blouse and a full skirt gathered at the waist by a wide leather belt, and stylish, crescent-shaped spectacles. (197)In the American 1950s, the number of female doctors must have been very small. Despite the fact, the private hospital has some female doctors. Esther confronts here a new community freed from the heterosexual norm which controls the American society. And she becomes a patient of Doctor Nolan, who looks like an ordinary woman‹not a prim woman with professionalism‹unlike another female psychiatrist, Doctor Quinn, with an abstract quality that . . . [gives her] the polar chills (236). Because of the comfortable nonheterosexual bonds she finds to Doctor Nolan, Esther can leave the hospital earlier than expected. Not to speak of her way of curing, Doctor Nolans way of exiting itself cured Ethels depression beyond the heterosexual limitations. Lastly but most importa ntly, the observation of the influence of Joans suicide upon Esther should not be omitted. The book does not make it explicit why Joan commits suicide, but such a reason is insignificant here. More noteworthy is the fact that Esther recovers from her depression, stimulated by the tragic death of her friend, Joan. On the day of Joans funeral, Esther does not hesitate to attend the ceremony nor mourn her friends death. On the contrary, she gets back her lost self during the ceremony: I took a deep breath and listened to the old brag of my heart. I am, I am, I am (256). Joans death, though the suicide itself is no solution at all, throws a light on at least Esthers wavering mind. For Joan is nonheterosexual. Esther is convinced that nonheterosexuality brings death to woman: so far as she lives in the heterosexual world, her life is saved. Hence the protagonists sexual anguish comes to end. She decides to go back to the world regulated by the heterosexual disciplines. The ev ents in the private hospital, as well as other incidents depicted in The Bell Jar, are thoroughly based on Plaths own experiences. At McLean Hospital in Belmont where a famous novelist, Olive Higgins Prouty, recommended, she met Dr. Beuscher, and a nonheterosexual relationship between the two women smoothly remedied her depression. As Esther does in the book, Plath received electroconvulsive shock treatments several times with her own consent, which accelerated her recovery. As for a friend like Joan in the novel, there seems to be no record.2 It is plausible that Plath made up a Joan-figure from scattered events she heard, saw, or experienced herself. But reading the story about Joan in view of the construction of the novel, her suicide is emblematic enough to let Esther recover from her disease. Esther/Plath, whose depression was caused by her sexual confusion, rediscovers herself in the nonheterosexual circleby giving up a nonheterosexual inclination. Now one final point sho uld be made about the bell jar. Esther/Plath talks to herself: . . . I wasnt sure. I wasnt sure at all. How did I know that someday‹at college, in Europe, somewhere, anywhere‹the bell jar, with its stifling distortions, wouldnt descend again? (254) Before leaving the hospital, she certainly gets herself back. Why does she have to be scared of the bell jar which seems to suffocate her? A key to answer this question resides in the electrocution of Ethel Rosenberg again. Even after having revived in the nonheterosexual safety and decided to go back to the heterosexual circle, Esther/Plath is still worried if she should be incidentally allured by the nonheterosexual circle and in danger of being annihilated‹like Ethel Rosenberg. She is after all a woman living in the American society of the 1950s, who is threatened by the norm of the sexual politics of her days, that is, the bell jar.Reportedly, Ethel Rosenberg died twice: while her husband, Julius, died immediately at the first volts of electricity, she needed more jolts after the first one. This information is quite symbolic, because Esther/Plath also goes through a similar experience. Unable to adjust herself completely to the sexual politics of the 1950s, she is electroshocked. But the first therapy failed, and she needs more shocks to recover from depression‹depression caused by her torment concerning the choice between heterosexuality and nonheterosexuality. And unlike the nonheterosexual Joan, who is destined to be extinguished, Esther/Plath can fortunately be freed from death and the mental institution this time. But the bell jar incessantly tries to cover and suffocate the women who are likely to be close to nonheterosexuality; among those is Esther/Plath herself. It is necessary for her, then, to take great care not to be assaulted by the bell jar again. The story of The Bell Jar, in short, ends without a guarantee that the sexual politics will never afflict another Esther/ Plath. The problem brought by the sexual politics in the American 1950s remains unsolved within the protagonist and the author.In this way, Plath reveals in the novel The Bell Jar her own difficulty in living in the American 1950s, when heterosexuality was considered to be normal. She was not a lesbian; but at the same time, she was not thoroughly against building up relationships among the females. Such an obscure attitude towards the sexual politics, however, was inexcusable in the conservative society that demanded heterosexuality of people. It can be concluded, in that sense, that Plaths alter ego, Esther, is one example of the 1950s American women who endeavored to prove their own heterosexual tendencies. Using her own tragic experience, Plath translated in The Bell Jar one of the female problems begotten by the sexual politics that thrived in the American 1950s. Notes:1 Adrienne Rich contends in her Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence that the failure to exam ine heterosexuality as an institution is like failing to admit that the economic system called capitalism or the caste system of racism is maintained by a variety forces, including both physical violence and false consciousness (216), and discusses that heterosexuality is problematic. What is meant by heterosexuality, according to this radical feminist, is not only a physical impulse but a social institution which tries to suppress woman. I hardly share this opinion. For Richs view of compulsive heterosexuality indicates that private heterosexual relationships should be totally denied and that the relationships are to be replaced by homosexuality. It is too far-fetched to demand all women that they become lesbians. Therefore, to evade misunderstanding, I use the term nonheterosexual(ity), instead of homosexual(ity), when implying the relationships characterized by a tendency to direct either emotional or physical desire toward the same sex. It has to be noted nonheterosexualit y does not necessarily imply homosexuality, an exclusive activity with another of the same sex. The term nonheterosexuality in this study signifies solid relationships among the same sex (between females, in particular).2 Neither of the fairly recent autobiographies by Linda Wagner-Martin and Anne Stevenson refers to this point. Works CitedBrennan, Sheila M. Popular Images of American Women in the 1950s and Their Impact on Ethel Rosenbergs Trial and Conviction. Womens Rights Law Reporter 14 (1992): 41-67.Friedan, Betty. The Feminine Mystique. Twentieth Anniversary Edition. 1963. New York: Norton, 1983.Nizer, Louis. The Implosion Conspiracy. New York: Doubelday, 1973.Plath, Sylvia. The Bell Jar. 1963. London: Faber, 1966.. The Journals of Sylvia Plath. Ed. Ted Hughes and Frances McCullough. 1982. London: Anchor-Doubleday, 1998.. Letters Home: Correspondence 1950-1963. Ed. Aurelia Schober Plath. 1975. London: Faber, 1999.. Two Sisters of Persephone. Collected Poems. Ed. Ted Hughes. 1981. London: Faber, 1989. 31-2.Radosh, Ronald, and Joyce Milton, eds. The Rosenberg File: A Search for the Truth. 1983. New Haven: Yale UP, 1997.Rich, Adrienne. Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 5 (1980): 631-60. Rep. In Adrienne Richs Poetry and Prose. Ed. Barbara Charlesworth Gelpi and Albert Gelpi. New York: Norton, 1993. 203-24.Wagner-Martin, Linda. Sylvia Plath: A Biography. New York: Simon, 1987.Works ConsultedAxelrod, Steven Gould. Sylvia Plath: The Wound and the Cure of Words. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1990.Bronfen, Elizabeth. Sylvia Plath. Writers and Their Work. Plymouth, UK: Northcote, 1998.Evans, Sara M. Born for Liberty: A History of Women in America. New York: Free-Simon, 1989.Garber, Marjorie, and Rebecca L. Walkowitz, eds. Secret Agents: The Rosenberg Case, McCarthyism, and Fifties America. New York: Routledge, 1995.Schrecker, Ellen. The Impact of McCarthyism. 19 95. Black Listed: An Audio Drama about the Hollywood Blacklist. Online. Spencer W. Wisbroth Esq. 5 June, 1999.Steiner, Nancy Hunter. A Closer Look at Ariel: A Memory of Sylvia Plath. London: Faber, 1974.Stevenson, Anne. Bitter Fame: A Life of Sylvia Plath. London: Viking-Penguin, 1989.Wagner-Martin, Linda. The Bell Jar: A Novel of the Fifties. Twaynes Masterworks Studies 98. New York: Twayne, 1992.

Essay about We Must Ban Therapeutic Human Cloning

The Senate is considering a proposal to outlaw human cloning. Two alternative proposals would ban only reproductive cloning, which would mean explicitly legalizing human cloning but not the implantation of a clone embryo into a womb. Pro-cloners are willing for the most part to outlaw reproductive cloning because it isnt safe, but they oppose a ban on cloning for research and experimentation--known as therapeutic cloning--arguing that such a cloning license is necessary to the development of future medical treatments for human ailments. This opposition to a ban on human therapeutic cloning is misinformed. The case against cloning, including therapeutic cloning, has mainly been argued on grounds of morality. Opponents†¦show more content†¦Not only is human cloning immoral but it may have negative utility--in other words, attempting to develop human cloning technologies for therapeutic use may drain resources and personnel from more useful and practical therapies. To understand why therapeutic cloning fails the utility test, we must take a quick look at the significant difficulties facing embryonic stem cell research. Embryonic stem cell researchers hope to create medical treatments that would use undifferentiated cells--known generically as stem cells--extracted from 5-to-7-day-old embryos known as blastocysts. During natural gestation, these stem cells eventually differentiate, that is, they transform into bone, neurons, muscle, organs, blood--indeed, all of the more than 200 different tissue types in the body. Researchers hope to learn how to harness this ability by extracting stem cells from embryos, transforming them into specific tissues, and then injecting the tissues into patients to treat medical ailments. In their enthusiasm for embryonic stem cells--and in an effort to assure ample funding for the research--some advocates have all but promised that such therapies are just around the corner. But that isnt even close to being true. Writing in the scientific research journal Stem Cells, editor in chief (and advocate of embryonic stem cell research) Curt I. Civin admitted that scientists have exaggerated the immediacy of the prospects of clinical therapiesShow MoreRelatedThe Debate Over Human Cloning Essay1526 Words   |  7 Pages Human cloning, an unknown wonder to the universe the world has yet to unfold. The idea of cloning can be a dream to some and others not so much, there’s just endless possibilities when it comes to cloning. With the thought of cloning humans comes reality and other things that can cause issues or keep the experiment stagnant. â€Å"Reality† includes the process of cloning humans, types of cloning, products of cloning, cost, and also ethical issues. 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What Are Animal Rights

Animal rights are the belief that animals have a right to be free of human use and exploitation, but there  is a great deal of confusion about what that means. Animal rights are not about putting animals above humans or giving animals the same rights as humans. Also, animal rights are very different from animal welfare. To most animal rights activists, animal rights are grounded in a rejection of  speciesism  and the knowledge that animals have sentience (the ability to suffer). (Learn more about the  basic tenets of animal rights.) Freedom from Human Use and Exploitation Humans use and exploit animals in myriad ways, including  meat,  milk,  eggs,  animal experimentation, fur,  hunting, and  circuses. With the possible exception of animal experimentation, all of these uses of animals are frivolous. People dont need meat, eggs, milk, fur, hunting or circuses. The American Dietetic Association  recognizes  that people can be perfectly healthy as vegans. Regarding animal experimentation, most would agree that testing of cosmetics and household products is unnecessary. A new furniture polish or lipstick seems a frivolous reason to the blind, maim,  and kill hundreds or thousands of rabbits.   Many would also say that scientific experimentation on animals for the sake of science, with no immediate, obvious application to human health, is unnecessary because the suffering of the animals outweighs the satisfaction of human curiosity. This leaves only medical experiments. While animal experimentation may lead to human medical advancements, we cannot morally justify exploiting animals for experiments any more than experiments on mental patients or babies can be justified. Justifications for Animal Exploitation The most common justifications for animal use are: Animals are not intelligent (cannot think/reason).Animals are not as important as people.Animals have no duties.God put animals here for us to use. Rights cannot be determined by the ability to think, or wed have to give intelligence tests to determine which humans deserve rights. This would mean that babies, the mentally disabled and the mentally ill would have no rights. Importance is not a good criterion for rights holding because importance is highly subjective and individuals have their own interests that make each individual important to him/herself. One person may find that their own pets are more important to them than a stranger on the other side of the world, but that doesnt give them the right to kill and eat that stranger. The President of United States might be more important than most people, but that doesnt give the president the right to kill people and mount their heads on the wall as trophies. One could also argue that a single blue whale is more important than any single human being because the species is endangered and every individual is needed to help the population recover. Duties are also not good criteria for rights holding because individuals who are incapable of recognizing or performing duties, such as babies or people with profound disabilities, still have a right not be eaten or experimented on. Furthermore, animals are routinely killed for failing to follow human rules (e.g., the mouse who is killed in a mousetrap), so even if they have no duties, we punish them for failing to abide by our expectations. Religious beliefs are also an inappropriate determination of rights holding because religious beliefs are highly subjective and personal. Even within a religion,  people will disagree  about what God dictates. We shouldnt impose our religious beliefs on others, and using religion to justify animal exploitation imposes our religion on the animals. And keep in mind that the Bible was once used to justify the enslavement of Africans and African Americans in the United States, demonstrating how people often use religion as an excuse to further their personal beliefs. Because there will always be some humans who dont fit the criteria used to justify animal exploitation, the only true distinction between humans and non-human animals are species, which is an arbitrary line to draw between which individuals do and dont have rights. There is no magical dividing line between humans and non-human animals. The Same Rights as Humans? There is a common misconception that animal rights activists want nonhuman animals to have the same rights as people. No one wants cats to have the right to vote, or for dogs to have the right to bear arms. The issue is not whether animals should have the same rights as people, but whether we have a right to use and exploit them for our purposes, however, frivolous they might be. Animal Rights v. Animal Welfare Animal rights are  distinguishable from animal welfare. In general, the term animal rights is the belief that humans do not have a right to use animals for our own purposes. Animal welfare is the belief that humans do have a right to use animals as long as the animals are treated humanely. The animal rights position on  factory farming  would be that we do not have a right to  slaughter animals for food  no matter how well the animals are treated while they are alive, while the animal welfare position might want to see certain  cruel practices  eliminated. Animal welfare describes a broad spectrum of views, while animal rights are more absolute. For example, some animal welfare advocates might want a ban on fur, while others might believe that fur is morally acceptable if the animals are killed humanely and do not suffer for too long in a trap. Animal welfare may also be used describe the speciesist view that certain animals (e.g. dogs, cats, horses) are more deserving of protection than others (e.g. fish, chickens, cows).

Ecommerce And The Supply Chain - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6178 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Silver Spoon Snacks is a fast food eatery established first in Gulshan in the year 1965. It has expanded to a second branch in Tariq road. During its heyday it revolutionized the fast food industry by introducing the concept of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"rollsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ on the menu. It enjoyed this untapped market till competitors jumped on the band wagon. The menu is diverse, including Pakistani, Chinese, Continental, Western and Indian items. There is plenty of consumer traffic in both branches especially during the evening. The Tariq Road branch serves all kinds of BBQ items, club sandwich, zinger burger and the well known rolls. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ecommerce And The Supply Chain" essay for you Create order The restaurant is owned and operated by a family. The branch managers are actually brothers and share shifts during the day and night. There are a total of 4 active brothers that are responsible for handling the day to day running and operations of the system. Key purchase decisions, menu expansion and supply chain decisions are handled solely by them. They have been following a paper based system since its inception. All the accounting work and record keeping is done manually in registers that are stocked at the residence every month. Literature Review According to Laudon and Laudon (Information Systems and Decision making, 2000), the supply chain is a collection of physical entities linked together into processes that supply goods or services from source through consumption. The supply chain consists of suppliers, manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors, retail outlets, logistics and consumers. This list also includes those activities that are necessary in facilitating the supply chain. Managing a supply chain is a difficult task that requires keen insight and understanding of the business processes and the environment in which it operates. The struggle is to create a network which has no weak links in terms of time delays, information gaps or inefficiencies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" in other words, all processes must be integrated. This is best achieved by the creation of networks with a smooth inflow and outflow of relevant information. This is the heart of e-commerce. The internet has allowed the growth of e-businesses across borders and physical limits. The use of an intranet is greatly appreciated within a company. Based on internet technology, the intranet is used primarily within a single company which allows the internal users to expand and share information across floors and walls. These locations may be domestic or may even be throughout the world (Bartoo, Elliot, and Naik-lyer, 2000). E Commerce is one of the most important facets of the internet to have developed in this day and age. Ecommerce, sometimes referred to as E Business, involves carrying out business over the Internet with the use of computers that are linked to each other forming a network. E-commerce includes the buying, selling, marketing, and servicing of goods or services through telecommunication technologies. E-Business, on the other hand, carries a broader definition, not just the buying and selling of goods and services, but servicing customers, collaborating with business partners, and conducting communications and transactions within and outside an organization. (Electronic Commerce a managerial perspective by Efrahim Turban, David King, Prentice Hall; US Ed edition October, 1999) According to ComScore à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a marketing research company that provides marketing data and services to many of the Internets largest businesses, E-commerce has had its first $1B day on 2nd December 2010. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“heaviest online spending day in history and the first to surpass the billion-dollar threshold,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? declares ComScore. This goes to show how far and wide the scope of electronic buying and selling has reached. It is revolutionized the way business models are created and defined numerous opportunities for entrepreneurs and the like. E- Commerce can help a supply chain over the internet in areas such as placing and receiving orders, providing product information, tracking orders, filling and managing inventory, and recording inflows and outflows (Sunil Chopra and Jan A, Van Mieghem, Supply Chain Management Review, April 200) A critical area where e-commerce has established its presence in a supply chain is in the resource planning and inventory management function of an organization. It helps users track the inventory and where it is distributed from the organization. It helps plan for future forecasts and deal with shortages. It creates a hub where information is shared among relevant members of a business model; this is known as EDI à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Electronic Data Interchange. Similarly ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) systems have emerged that serve similar functions in terms of smooth data flow between members of an organization. Relevant information relating to key business functions is then shared, matched and cross matched between departments and related companies that have partnered with the business. The goal is to streamline operations and produce a cost and time efficient process altogether. IBM and Siemens are 2 prime examples of organizations that heavily rely on supply chain applications produced by business management software such as SAP. This application has streamlined its processes thereby creating a real-time and efficient business model. Inventory management models are heavily used in large scale organizations in the fast food industry. Giant franchises such as Subway, KFC and Pizza Hut use business intelligence software for its operations. Zap is a leading software house that creates web based packages for KFC and Pizza Hut. As a starting point, a basic open source inventory management software coupled with internet technologies is an ideal way for a small to mid-sized business to start. The diagram below shows how e-commerce can efficiently distribute and coordinate the flow of information between the entities and business functions of the supply chain. The importance of information sharing and interchange is crucial to improve operational effectiveness. Research methodology Secondary research Secondary research consisted of going through research articles and existing information on e-commerce and supply chain models. Text books, class lectures and the internet served as sources for secondary research. This type of research was necessary to gain an understanding of existing supply chain models that are benefitting with the integration of e-ecommerce and its technologies. Primary research This is first hand research that needed to be conducted to gain an understanding of Silver Spoon Snacks This form of research was conducted over 2 face to face interviews and short telephone calls with the Branch Manager and Operations Manager A set of questions were asked to understand the existing supply chain model and how operations are carried out on a daily and weekly basis These questions also attempted to surface any inefficiencies and weaknesses that exist in the current setup Interviews were necessary to collect direct and relevant information from the involved people Data Analysis Input details pertaining to the Tariq Road branch Raw material listing Chicken Beef Mutton Flour Vegetables Ketchup/mustard Seasonings Equipment used Oven Fryer Coal Freezers Stove Tables and chairs Utilities used Electricity Gas Telephone Water Labour employed Head Chef Kitchen staff Head Waiter Waiters Cleaners Watchman For simplicity, the supply chain of chicken as a key and widely used ingredient will be studied throughout this report. Supply Chain system of Silver Spoon Snacks explained with the help of a flow chart. Supply Chain Defined Chicken Butcher Thursday morning or earlier depending on needs, the Chicken supplier receives an order of Boneless Chicken and Tikka pieces for the week. This order is placed via telephone by the branch manager. The quantity for chicken in Tikka and Boneless variation is verbally specified via telephone. The supplier confirms the order and a delivery time is specified. The butcher cuts the chicken according to pieces specified à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" either Tikka pieces or Boneless for Chicken rolls. Delivery vehicle As per initial agreement between Silver Spoon and the supplier, the chicken supply will be delivered to the warehouse in the supplierà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s vehicle. This is part of the negotiation. The supplier will have the chicken delivered to the warehouse and settle the payment at the end of the month. Warehouse The warehouse is owned and operated by Silver Spoon owners. It has been part of the business model since 40 years and is situated off Tariq road near the Tariq road branch. The warehouse serves as a sorting point most of the raw materials. Individual branch demand is catered to and planned here. The warehouse has a large kitchen and a storage bay. Warehouse kitchen The warehouse kitchen department is responsible for all the cleaning and preparation of the raw food. This entails cleaning the chicken, removing the fat and making it hygienic and fit for cooking. Staff is employed in this department to manage the cleaning. Warehouse storage After the chicken has been cleaned, it goes into cold storage. The amount which has to be distributed to the branches on a daily basis is dispatched and the rest goes into freezers. The amount is determined in advance by branch managers. Keep in mind that a weekà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s supply is available for both branches at the warehouse. Official vehicle A Suzuki Pickup is on standby at the warehouse and the workers load a dayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s worth of chicken and transport it to the both branches. 60% of the chicken goes to the Tariq Road Branch as its chicken utilization is the highest. Tariq road branch At the Tariq Road branch, the official vehicle arrives shortly with the chicken for the day. This chicken thawed, cleaned and semi marinated at the individual branches before it is ready to be finally added with the secret spices and recipes. It is immediately transported by the workers to the freezer. Kitchen + freezer As noon approaches a portion of the boneless chicken is removed from the freezer and brought to the preparation room. Here the chicken is added with seasoning, sauce and the secret spices which are made early during the day. This preparation is done by the head chef. The boneless chicken goes to the Roll preparation area and the Tikka pieces go to the BBQ area where they are cooked. Customer Once cooked, the Rolls and Tikkas are served to customers Planning system For the sake of simplicity we will go through a typical week of ordering chicken to get a grasp of the current supply system at the Tariq Road branch. This boneless chicken is used for Chicken Rolls and Chicken Boti. Whereas full chickens are used to create 4 Tikka pieces per chicken. Demand for the week is established by looking at previous trends. Basically a base demand for consumption has been established for boneless chicken of 210 kg per week. The base demand of 210kg worth of boneless chicken is always used for Rolls and Chicken Boti. On an average, 220-250kgs of boneless chicken is purchased as demand from consumers never dips below 210kg per week. For Tikkas, the base demand is 80 Tikkas per day, which makes it 560 Tikkas on an average per week. A full chicken is able to provide 4 Tikka pieces. The key considerations that determine and influence demand for chicken are: Stage of the week à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Friday, Saturday and Sunday are days where demand for boneless chicken is at its highest. During these days the public goes out to eat with family. Public holidays à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the restaurant operates during public holidays. During these days of the calendar, families choose to visit eateries and therefore the consumption of boneless chicken is high. City turmoil à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" during expected city turmoil and expected strikes, the public operates at an accelerated pace and attempts to get things out of the way. This may entail visiting Tariq Road for work 1-2 days before the expected turmoil or unrest. Furthermore, consumption of boneless chicken falls during the days of turmoil, hence purchasing is planned accordingly. Level of commercial activity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Tariq Road is heavily populated with shops and vendors. If the activity in malls and shopping strips is high, then demand for food, especially Chicken Rolls is also high as it serves the fast food concept and is economical. The factors above have the capacity to influence demand for chicken and hence the purchasing patterns vary. Chicken that is not used is then stored in freezers for next dayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s use. This chicken is bought on Thursdays of the week from a vendor that has been partnered with the business. An order is placed via telephone on Thursday morning by the Branch Manager and it arrives by noon. If for some reason demand is abnormally high, the regular chicken supplier is contacted and is urged to make an emergency drop to the warehouse. If he is unable to do so from his own inventory, then he is responsible for making other arrangements. Supplier selection A chicken supplier is selected on the basis of: Total cost Cleaning and cutting Cost is the most important factor that ultimately determines which supplier/butcher to choose from. Silver Spoon negotiates on the basis of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the foremost is cost (low or discounted price), quality, and delivery service. Secondly, it is favourable if the supplier can clean and cut the chicken into pieces at his outlet before delivering it to the Silver Spoon warehouse. Although Silver Spoon has a chicken slaughtering and cleaning/cutting facility, but is used for only further cleaning of the chicken and cutting for marinating purposes. Financial costs pertaining to Tariq Road Branch Cost for chicken: this rate is Rs. 4 per kilo less than the prevailing marketing rate. The chicken suppliers set the price every Thursday of the week. Price of chicken per kilo varies on a weekly basis and is determined by the laws of demand and supply. For example, if chicken is in excess supply then the price falls. Conversely if there is high demand then the price rises à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" such as on weekends. Due to this the chicken suppliers set their prices on Thursday. The Tariq Road branch bears 60% of the total cost of the chicken whereas the Gulshan branch, only 40%. Consumption and sale of chicken items is the highest at the Tariq Road branch. The basis for making profits for Tikkas is to earn Rs. 20-25 profit per Tikka. Utilities Electricity Bill: varies between Rs. 50,000 to 60,000 per month. Gas Bill: varies between Rs. 10,000 to 12,000 per month Telephone Bill: Rs. 1,000 per month on an average Coal Usage: worth Rs. 1,500 on a daily basis.    Labour Employed Waiter: The starting salary per waiter is Rs. 6000 per month. Senior waiters (determined by length of employment) are paid Rs. 8000 per month. There are a total of 8 senior waiters (8 x 8000 = Rs. 64,000 per month) and 6 junior waiters (6 x 6000 = Rs. 36,000 per month). Kitchen Staff: these employees include assistants to the chef (3 assistants), and additional workers who produce other items on the menu (5 kitchen workers). They are assigned various tasks in the kitchen to add value to the system. On an average, the total labour costs assigned to the kitchen staff are Rs. 75,000 Head chef: There is 1 head Chef who is paid Rs. 12,000 per month. Total labour costs per month = Rs 64,000 + Rs 36,000 + Rs. 65,000 + 12,000 = Rs 187,000 Discussion Inefficiencies or weaknesses in the supply chain Supplier/butcher: Silver Spoon has had the same supplier for chicken for nearly 20 years. They should search the market for other suppliers that can offer competitive rates for bulk purchases of chicken. The order is placed on the phone and a Silver Spoon official does not personally monitor the chicken selection, which means an old chicken or unhealthy chicken can be part of the mix Warehouse: At the warehouse, the supplier delivery vehicle drops off the chicken and drives away after collecting the payment. There is no check here, no one counts the chicken or weighs it upon arrival so there is no way of making sure if they received the amount they paid for. There is no record system or inventory management. The chicken is not à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"logged inà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, just immediately shifted to the kitchen where it is cleaned for use. Therefore there is no actual account or record for the amount of chicken that entered the facility nor is there any receiving slip or receipt. Warehouse Storage: Once the chicken is cleaned and processed fit for use, it goes into storage freezers and only the days worth is kept outside for delivery. However, there is no one who counts the number of chicken breasts or legs, or kilograms of chicken that goes into the freezer. So there is no check or monitor system. Silver Spoon Snacks Vehicle The days worth of chicken is transported to the Tariq Road Branch, but there is no formal record of the amount that leaves the warehouse, nor is there any receiving document from the branches end. Branch Again, there is no counter checking or counting system of the chicken that arrives in the branch. It is blindly kept in the freezer. Customer The customer does not receive an electronic receipt. Which means that there is no formal record at Silver Spoonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s counter of the items sold and the cash received. There is an informal scribble in a worn out register. Other deficiencies with the current setup Marketing: There are limited marketing efforts carried out by the restaurant. At most, marketing involves re-doing the company banner or releasing a dozen flyers in the area. No website exists. Recording: It is a complete paper based system with not a computer or digital device in sight. Records are loosely maintained at the warehouse and branch in registers and journals. There is no formal record keeping system. Customers are not given receipts therefore there is no cross checking. Tracking: there is no way for Silver Spoon Snacks to forecast demand judging by trends, as figures and statistics for trends do not exist. Paper based: it is a paper based system with information regarding transactions loosely recorded in registers. Checks and balances: checks and balances do not exist, there is no tangible record keeping when it comes to inventory and purchases. It is not possible to confirm orders with suppliers and inter branch as orders are verbally given. There is no proof. Proposed system The proposed system involves the purchase of computer hardware and the use of an internet connection. The idea is to create a basic centralized system at the warehouse as the server with 2 additional linked systems at the branches. The purpose is to track and record inventory that moves into the warehouse and out to the branches. A real time system is proposed where inventory levels are monitored by the hour. The systems will need to be linked by an internet connection to provide a real time feed of information between the branches and warehouse. With an inventory management and tracking software, the loopholes and loose-ends in the current system will be neutralized. How it works Once the systems have been installed and made operational, the current stock, inventory and work in progress are uploaded to the servers. The software will be used be the warehouse, and both the branches. Each user will update the records from their end so it can be seen at the warehouse server. The software will have section for the warehouse, branch A and branch B. Depending on the fresh demand levels, the warehouse determines the quantity of chicken needed and sends an order via telephone to the butcher. Had the butcher/supplier been using a computer system (example Makro), then an email would have been dispatched instead. The quantity ordered is punched into the system and falls under the status of pending. The rate per kilo is noted. Order time is also noted. Once the stock of chicken arrives at the warehouse, its exact quantity is manually counted and weighed by an employee and then the numbers are punched into the warehouse server. This will cross check the amount ordered with the amount received. Once the figures tally, a receiving slip is generated electronically and printed after the order has been confirmed and accounted for. A slip is generated and given to the supplier and a formal record now exists in the system. A notification is sent in a matter of seconds to both branches informing them of the added inventory levels. The levels now appear on the screens of both branch A and B (Tariq road and Gulshan). Preparations are made. Depending on the opening inventory and the base level demand of 210kg of chicken and 80 Tikka pieces, each branch sends its required amount of chicken (bonless and Tikka pieces) through the softwareà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s built in messaging system. Each transaction and order is then recorded. After the warehouse server acknowledges receipt of the order from the branch, it then forwards it verbally to the warehouse freezer where the employee loads the Silver Spoon vehicle (Suzuki pickup). The vehicle then travels to the relevant branch. A printed slip is dispatched. From the warehouse, the inventory levels are then reduced and this is also reflected in each branches terminal. Once the vehicle is unloaded at the branch, a branch employee manually supervises the unloading and stocking of the chicken in the freezer. Once confirmed and signed, the branch manager then updates his terminal with the added inventory of chicken. Back at the warehouse, the reduction in inventory is equal to the gain in inventory at both branches. As the day goes by and the orders accumulate and dispatch, the inventory levels are monitored not only at the branch, but at the warehouse as well. Each chicken Tikka order placed or each chicken roll uses a certain portion of the inventory. And once the orders are fed and updated in the Silver Spoon register, the chicken based inventory is automatically deducted. Towards the end of the day, the ending inventory is tallied and counted. The warehouse manager reads these inventories on an hourly basis and incase of a shortage dispatches a vehicle to make up for the shortfall. The cycle is then repeated every day depending on the closing inventory levels. Notes on the proposed system The recommended software for Silver Spoon Snacks is inFlow Inventory management software (https://www.inflowinventory.com/). The software is easy to use and does not require extensive training. A simple understanding of images, inputting data and confirming orders is all it takes. Free software exists, but does not provide security, reliability and expansion as inFlowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s suite. Each terminal is given a unique pin code which only the operator is aware of. This means only the relevant person in charge can use the terminal which is a security check as well as a confirmation. Each transaction is logged and stored in a log file sent to the warehouse computer. Backups are made on a daily basis Financial Costs involved with this system Software: although many free software packages exist, inFlow Inventory Management provides the best balance between features and cost. To create a multi user network (ideal in this case), the license cost $299 per computer for lifetime use. 3 licenses will be needed. $299 x 3 = $897 = ~ Rs. 75000 (@ Rs. 84 per U.S Dollar) Hardware needed: processor, motherboard, RAM, hard drive, casing, power supply, monitor. Based on the software requirements, the hardware cost is as follows: Tariq Road Branch cost: Rs 23,000 Gulshan Branch cost : Rs 23,000 Warehouse cost: Rs. 27,000 Total : Rs. 73,000 Internet connection: 3 connections Initial setup cost : Rs. 800 x 3 Monthly cost: Rs. 1000 x 3 Total initial investment: Rs. 75,000 (3 licenses) + (73,000 (hardware) + 2,400 (internet setup) + 3000 (first month internet payment) = Rs. 153,400 Benefits of the proposed system Accountability: first and foremost, the new system will hold each branch accountable for what it has received in its inventory. Once its handed over the inventory, it is held accountable for its storage, sales and payment. The sales of the branch should match the inventory received. Inventory control: from the moment the chicken supply reaches the warehouse, it will be tracked and accounted for. The system will make sure that there is adequate supply at all branches at all times so as to not lose out on potential sales Economic order quantity: the ideal quantity of chicken to order each week and the ideal quantity to store in the freezers can be calculated based on demand and supply conditions. Inventory planning is thereby improved. Accuracy: with figures, statistics and numbers well accounted for and cross references, the books of Silver Spoon will present and accurate picture of state of affairs. A reduction in human error in terms of calculations, counting and so on will also be witnessed. Record keeping: instead of scribbling in registers and writing journals, an electronic system with constant updates is hence created with the use of e-commerce technologies. Past transactions, exchanges, buying and selling are stored electronically thereby staying safe. The option to print out the records exists, thereby creating tangible records. Electronic Data Interchange: Information sharing between branches and the warehouse will be more convenient as real time updates and inventory levels can be monitored. Offers and promotional schemes by suppliers can also be entertained. Expansion: This inventory monitoring and management system is not just limited to chicken; it can be used for the entire product line, mutton, beef, vegetables, cold drinks, seasoning, flour and so on. The scope is limitless with unlimited suppliers and customers. Improved Customer Service and loyalty: when a customer always gets his or her desired order in desired quantity, it creates customer satisfaction and creates repeat customers. It improves loyalty as well. A computerized receipt also creates a positive impression on the customers. Reduce stock-outs and overstocks: with supply synchronized with demand, the chances of ending up with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"expiredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ inventory or facing shortages are greatly reduced. Shortages are prevented as inventory as planned well in advance, and in the same way excess inventory is also reducing thereby curbing inventory carrying costs. Ready alerts: if the inventory dips below a certain level at a branch, an automatically generated alert is sent to the warehouse or Gulshan branch and inventory can be moved around. Furthermore this will act as an early warning sign to the warehouse to acquire more inventory. Meeting demand: demand is almost always met unless outside forces have some play. With inventory always available due to a tracking and trend analysis system, sales will always be met. Forecasting: due to its ability to track charts and record daily transactions, the stored information can be used to conduct trend analysis for certain times of the calendar year. This will allow better planning for inventory and sales. Website: Silver Spoon Snacks Pvt. Ltd. can go on-line and have a web presence. This on its own is a marketing tool Networking: since Silver Spoon is now on-line and has a presence on the world wide web, it will be able to reach out to suppliers and customers on a larger scale. It is a ready marketing tool. It can partner with other restaurants, sponsors, FMCGs and causes. Marketing: with the use of e-commerce technologies, Silver Spoon Snacks can expand its marketing operations by sending out e-mails and creating ad banners and partnering with other websites. Costs of proposed system Change: it is possible that managers and top management may resist the change/transition from a paper based system to a technical system. The current system, though not ideal sets comfortably with current management. A management paradigm shift is required. Training: the system users will require some short initial training to understand the use of the software and technology in general. Although the Operations Manager à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Mr. Talha Awan is well versed with computer software and hardware, there will still be a slight lag due to training. Initial investment: although a small amount, roughly Rs. 150,000 will need to be diverted for a project that has no immediate monetary returns. Software support: although a helpline for customer support exists, it can become cumbersome to ask for guidance incase of software failure or confusion. Hardware failure: at the mercy of KESC and the elements, the computer hardware may fail thereby causing confusion and a stop in information flow. Although an uninterrupted power supply may be purchased, as well as a warranty plan, it will only add up in costs and delays. Internet failure: from time to time, the internet service provider may fail to provide a 100% uptime. This can cause delays and lags in the system. Industry Standard Bar B Q Tonight à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Inventory Management System To further add value to this report, I studied Bar B Q Tonightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s current inventory management setup which is computerized. Information was gathered through telephonic interviews and e-mail exchange with the Operations Managers, Sardar Ishaq and Mr. Abur Rehman. The findings are compiled below. Bar B Q Tonight is one of Karachià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s most famous restaurants that came into being in 1988. It prepares all kinds of cuisine that caters to thousands of customers on a daily basis. In-fact the multi storeyed establishment can house upto a thousand customers at a time. The restaurant has enjoyed high growth levels consistent with every year. Recently a branch has been erected in Lahore. Chicken, Beef, Fish, vegetables, pastas, fruit, ice cream, mushrooms, sausages, cheese, beverages and tissue rolls are just a small list of the inventory that are in storage and continuous use at the restaurant. These are key inputs needed to give customers a full service and experience backed by quality that the restaurant promises. To ensure proper delivery of storage, roughly 500 employees and 2 dozen management level officers are part of the work force. The availability of sufficient inventory and especially at the right time is perhaps the single most crucial factor at the restaurant. Insufficient inventory levels can result in a loss of potential sales. Furthermore due to the sheer quantity of inventory that enters and exits the building, checks and balances, control and proper monitoring of stock are required. This serves a number of functions such as quality control, waste management and theft protection. The current supply chain is as follows: SUPPLIER à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   DRY/COLD STORAGE à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   CUTTING/PROCESSING à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   RELEVANT FOOD DEPARTMENT à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   CUSTOMER The suppliers supply meat, chicken, tinned items, cold drinks, eggs, vegetables and basically all the inputs needed. Once the orders are received, they go into processing/cleaning/cutting/batching depending on the type of item. For instance, the chicken and meat go into the kitchen to be prepared and made ready to eat and then go to the cold storage à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" basically the freezer. This area also contains all the perishable items that need to be frozen to be preserved. Dry storage contains items that are tinned such as mushrooms, sausages, pastas and so on. This is a dry storage area which does not require cooling or temperature monitoring. Dry storage contains the masalas cutlery, packaging materials and similar items. Once the items have been sorted according to usage and servings, they go to the relevant food category area such as Pakistan, Indian, Chinese etc. Here the kitchen and chefs take over. Finally, the items are used to prepare the dish and served to the customer. To manage its inventory levels and inflows and outflows at all times, BBQ Tonight has installed an inventory management software that serves a number of functions. Some of these most basic functions are; Recording of stock levels Recording of consumption Units received Units issues Supplier details and records Wastage Purchase order creation Plates per kilo of material Forecasting Average demand level Inventory shortage alerts; example à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"only 10 tins of mushrooms leftà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Demand level is determined based on average sales, restaurant traffic and past trends. Once the demand has been calculated, the units/kilos to be ordered are punched into the software and it generates a formal purchase order. This software also has the option to create automated purchase orders. Issuance or requisition is always recorded on an issue form for checks and balances. Data from this form is also used to generate the consumption report of all items at the end of the day. The production and usage of inventory has been categorized based on the departments. For instance, there is a pantry for drinks, juices, tea and dessert. Then there is a Tandoor for the usage of flour and oil and seasoning. The kitchen itself is divided into many different departments as discussed earlier. More specifically departments include English Grill (for chops, ribs and so on), Seekh Kebab Grill, Chicken Tikka Grill and the main kitchen (which includes steaks, curry and fried items) Based on trends and previous records, each individual department is given the liberty to issue the demand and material usage to the store and the store eventually generates the requisition orders. Based on this order data, the software is able to compile a consumption report for each individual item and department. This report is helpful for costing, cross checking sales and determining the performance of individual departments. Another benefit of this software is its ability to calculate and record wastage. For example, if 10kg of meat is purchased, after cleaning and processing only 7kg is actually fit for production. This is the same case with many items especially chicken, meat and fish. The software at first assumed a 1:1 ratio for stock incoming and outgoing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" but in reality it is never the case. In reality the weight, volume and size vary when goods reach the store and leave as finished meals. For this purpose, some customization needed to be done. According to the restaurantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s standards, the store issues goods in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"platesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and not kilograms. Raw materials enter the store in kilogram, but the output is recorded as number of plates sold. Also, the weight of plates/meals sold is different (almost always less than) from the raw form when received. This caused recording problems as units of measure used were different. To rectify this, management developed a formula to convert kilograms into plate servings and this was fed into the softwareà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s functions. For example, the weight of one plate of ribs by restaurant standards is around 700-800grams à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" but when received the recorded weight is actually 1300-1500grams and this is because of water, fat and bone content. The same can be said for chicken à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the restaurant does not get pre cut chicken, is is bought in whole. One chicken is able to supply 4 Tikkas, in other words 4 servings/plates. The store issues Tikkas to the Tikka Grill in terms of plates à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" which means that 1 plate is actually 1/4th of the quantity of 1 chicken purchase. Therefore the software needed to be fed a formula that accepts chicken as 1 whole unit but converts it into 4 servings/plates. Hence recoding standards became easier. Finally, suppliers are paid on the basis of KG, but sales at the restaurant are recorded on the basis of pieces sold. Hence a formula was derived to link demand/receiving to consumption and supplier payment was standardized. On a typical day, the software works as follows: The store (dry or cold) makes the purchase order and the purchase officers then telephone the supplier once the store manager approves the quantity to be ordered. The store receives the goods and the butchers/kitchen staff prepare/marinate the meat and then it goes into storage. The departments then make a request for the stored goods for production purposes and so on. The software is able to record this shift of inventory for storage to department while monitoring inventory levels on a real time basis throughout. This software has been in the testing phase since the past 6 months at the restaurant in Karachi. It is still in trial mode and most of its features are being used to the maximum. Benefits have been noticed mostly in the form of checks and balancing, equating supply with demand and keeping a watch on the movement of materials from department to department. There is adherence to quality, minimum wastage and more security in the stores. Bar B Q Tonight plans to make this software fully functional after further testing in the near future. Conclusion The purpose of this research report was two fold; first to study and uncover the problems in the supply chain system of Silver Spoon Snacks Pvt. Ltd à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a fast food restaurant in Karachi. Secondly to propose an inventory management system as an alternate to their current paper based system to enforce checks and balances of materials. Shifting from a traditional, paper based system to a computerized system is always going to cause conflicts and resistance to change. Friction will exist no doubt. Unfortunately, the management at Silver Spoon Snacks Pvt. Ltd comes from a rather traditional setup and has not seen the benefits of the proposed system. They are not to blame as they have been operating within the current system since nearly 5 decades and are quite comfortable with it. Profit is the singly strongest motive for and this proposed system does not generate any immediate monetary returns à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" it is instead a strategic move. This was the main reason for this proposition to fail à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" it does not yield any financial returns or return on investment. What management was looking for was a reduction in operation costs and perhaps an increase in restaurant traffic. However, the idea to implement a computerized system was not shot down completely. Instead of an investment of 3 computers and a $900 software, the managers were open to the idea of using one computer at the warehouse and creating simple spreadsheets to log in and out data. It is not the ideal setup and many of the above mentioned benefits of the proposed system will be lost, but it is certainly a step in the right direction.